Titanium and zirconium compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to titanium and zirconium compounds of the formulae  
     (R 1 —O y X O—R 2 —W) z    
     wherein each R 1  is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R 2  is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, arylene and alkyl substituted arylene groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; W is an epoxy group; and y is an integer of from 1 to 3, z is an integer of from 1 to 3 and the sum of y and z equals 4; and X is titanium or zirconium.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a compound which is useful in rubber compositions and the processing of a sulfur curable rubber compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Sulfur containing organosilicon compounds are useful as reactive coupling agents between rubber and silica fillers providing for improved physical properties. They are also useful as adhesion primers for glass, metals and other substrates.

[0003] U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,842,111, 3,873,489 and 3,978,103 disclose the preparation of various sulfur containing organosilicon compounds. These organosilicon compounds are prepared by reacting

[0004] (a) 2 moles of a compound of the formula

Z—Alk—hal

[0005] where hal is a chlorine, bromine or iodine; Z is

[0006] where R¹ is an alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or phenyl and R² is alkoxy of 1 to 8 carbon atoms; or cycloalkoxy of 5 to 8 carbon atoms; or alkylmercapto with 1 to 8 carbon atoms; Alk is a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon or unsaturated hydrocarbon or a cyclic hydrocarbon containing 1 to 18 carbon atoms; with

[0007] (b) 1 mole of a compound of the formula

Me₂S_(n)

[0008] where Me is ammonium or a metal atom and n is a whole number from 2 to 6.

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,738 relates to neoalkoxy compounds of the formula

[0010] wherein M is titanium or zirconium, R, R¹ and R² are each monovalent hydrocarbons or a halogen or ether substituted derivative thereof; R² may also be an oxy derivative or an ether substituted oxy derivative of said groups; A, B and C are each monovalent aroxy, thioaroxy, diester phosphate, diester pyrophosphate, oxyalkylamino, sulfonyl or carboxyl containing up to 30 carbon atoms; and a+b+c equals 3. These neoalkoxy compounds are disclosed as coupling agents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The present invention relates to titanium and zirconium compounds and their use in rubber.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] There is also disclosed a method for processing a silica-filled rubber composition which comprises mixing

[0013] (i) 100 parts by weight of at least one sulfur vulcanizable elastomer selected from conjugated diene homopolymers and copolymers and from copolymers of at least one conjugated diene and aromatic vinyl compound; and

[0014] (ii) 0.05 to 10 phr of a compound of the formula

(R¹—O_(y)XO—R²—W)_(z)   I

[0015] wherein each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R² is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, arylene and alkyl substituted arylene groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; W is an epoxy group; and y is an integer of from 1 to 3, z is an integer of from 1 to 3 and the sum of y and z equals 4; and X is titanium or zirconium.

[0016] There is also disclosed a rubber composition comprising an elastomer containing olefinic unsaturation and a compound of the formula

(R¹—O_(y)XO—R²—W)_(z)   I

[0017] wherein each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R² is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, arylene and alkyl substituted arylene groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; W is an epoxy group; and y is an integer of from 1 to 3, z is an integer of from 1 to 3 and the sum of y and z equals 4; and X is titanium or zirconium.

[0018] The present invention may be used to process sulfur vulcanizable rubbers or elastomers containing olefinic unsaturation. The phrase “rubber or elastomer containing olefinic unsaturation” is intended to include both natural rubber and its various raw and reclaim forms as well as various synthetic rubbers. In the description of this invention, the terms “rubber” and “elastomer” may be used interchangeably, unless otherwise prescribed. The terms “rubber composition,” “compounded rubber” and “rubber compound” are used interchangeably to refer to rubber which has been blended or mixed with various ingredients and materials and such terms are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing or rubber compounding art. Representative synthetic polymers are the homopolymerization products of butadiene and its homologues and derivatives, for example, methylbutadiene, dimethylbutadiene and pentadiene as well as copolymers such as those formed from butadiene or its homologues or derivatives with other unsaturated monomers. Among the latter are acetylenes, for example, vinyl acetylene; olefins, for example, isobutylene, which copolymerizes with isoprene to form butyl rubber; vinyl compounds, for example, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile (which polymerize with butadiene to form NBR), methacrylic acid and styrene, the latter compound polymerizing with butadiene to form SBR, as well as vinyl esters and various unsaturated aldehydes, ketones and ethers, e.g., acrolein, methyl isopropenyl ketone and vinylethyl ether. Specific examples of synthetic rubbers include neoprene (polychloroprene), polybutadiene (including cis-1,4-polybutadiene), polyisoprene (including cis-1,4-polyisoprene), butyl rubber, styrene/isoprene/butadiene rubber, copolymers of 1,3-butadiene or isoprene with monomers such as styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate, as well as ethylene/propylene terpolymers, also known as ethylene/propylene/diene monomer (EPDM), and in particular, ethylene/propylene/dicyclopentadiene terpolymers. Additional examples of rubbers which may be used include silicon-coupled and tin-coupled star-branched polymers. The preferred rubber or elastomers are polybutadiene and SBR.

[0019] In yet another aspect of the present invention, it is preferred to use a rubber or elastomer containing olefinic unsaturation and an additional functional group reactive with the titanium or zirconium compounds of Formula I.

[0020] In yet another aspect of the invention, the elastomer may be a siloxy-terminated elastomer such as a siloxy-terminated styrene-butadiene copolymer, siloxy-terminated isoprene-butadiene copolymer and siloxy-terminated styrene-isoprene-butadiene terpolymer.

[0021] In one aspect the rubber is preferably of at least two of diene based rubbers. For example, a combination of two or more rubbers is preferred such as cis 1,4-polyisoprene rubber (natural or synthetic, although natural is preferred), 3,4-polyisoprene rubber, styrene/isoprene/butadiene rubber, emulsion and solution polymerization derived styrene/butadiene rubbers, cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubbers and emulsion polymerization prepared butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers.

[0022] In one aspect of this invention, an emulsion polymerization derived styrene/butadiene (E-SBR) might be used having a relatively conventional styrene content of about 20 to about 28 percent bound styrene or, for some applications, an E-SBR having a medium to relatively high bound styrene content, namely, a bound styrene content of about 30 to about 45 percent.

[0023] The relatively high styrene content of about 30 to about 45 for the E-SBR can be considered beneficial for a purpose of enhancing traction, or skid resistance, of the tire tread. The presence of the E-SBR itself is considered beneficial for a purpose of enhancing processability of the uncured elastomer composition mixture, especially in comparison to a utilization of a solution polymerization prepared SBR (S-SBR).

[0024] By emulsion polymerization prepared E-SBR, it is meant that styrene and 1,3-butadiene are copolymerized as an aqueous emulsion. Such are well known to those skilled in such art. The bound styrene content can vary, for example, from about 5 to about 50 percent. In one aspect, the E-SBR may also contain acrylonitrile to form a terpolymer rubber, as E-SBAR, in amounts, for example, of about 2 to about 30 weight percent bound acrylonitrile in the terpolymer.

[0025] Emulsion polymerization prepared styrene/butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer rubbers containing about 2 to about 40 weight percent bound acrylonitrile in the copolymer are also contemplated as diene based rubbers for use in this invention.

[0026] The solution polymerization prepared SBR (S-SBR) typically has a bound styrene content in a range of about 5 to about 50, preferably about 9 to about 36, percent. The S-SBR can be conveniently prepared, for example, by organo lithium catalyzation in the presence of an organic hydrocarbon solvent.

[0027] A purpose of using S-SBR is for improved tire rolling resistance as a result of lower hysteresis when it is used in a tire tread composition.

[0028] The 3,4-polyisoprene rubber (3,4-PI) is considered beneficial for a purpose of enhancing the tire's traction when it is used in a tire tread composition. The 3,4-PI and use thereof is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,668 which is incorporated herein by reference. The Tg refers to the glass transition temperature which can conveniently be determined by a differential scanning calorimeter at a heating rate of 10° C. per minute.

[0029] The cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber (BR) is considered to be beneficial for a purpose of enhancing the tire tread's wear, or treadwear. Such BR can be prepared, for example, by organic solution polymerization of 1,3-butadiene. The BR may be conveniently characterized, for example, by having at least a 90 percent cis 1,4-content.

[0030] The cis 1,4-polyisoprene and cis 1,4-polyisoprene natural rubber are well known to those having skill in the rubber art.

[0031] The term “phr” as used herein, and according to conventional practice, refers to “parts by weight of a respective material per 100 parts by weight of rubber, or elastomer.”

[0032] The titanium and zirconium compounds of the present invention are of the formula

(R¹—O_(y)XO—R²—W)_(z)   I

[0033] wherein each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R² is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, arylene and alkyl substituted arylene groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; W is an epoxy group; and y is an integer of from 1 to 3, z is an integer of from 1 to 3 and the sum of y and z equals 4; and X is titanium or zirconium. Preferably, each R¹ is an alkoxy radical having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R² is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms; y is 3 and z is 1 and X is titanium.

[0034] Representative titanium and zirconium compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to the reaction scheme listed below.

(R¹O)₃XCl+HO—R²—W→(R¹—O₃X—O—R²—W

[0035] with the elimination of HCl at 23° C.

[0036] The above reactions are generally conducted in the presence of a suitable solvent. The primary criteria is to use a solvent which does not react with the starting materials or end product. Representative organic solvents include chloroform, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, xylene, benzene, toluene, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic alcohols. Preferably, water is avoided to prevent reaction with the alkoxy group(s) of the compounds of the present invention.

[0037] The titanium and zirconium compounds used in the present invention may be added to the rubber by any conventional technique such as on a mill or in a Banbury. The amount of the titanium and zirconium compound may vary widely depending on the type of rubber and other compounds present in the vulcanizable composition. Generally, the amount of the titanium and zirconium compound is used in a range of from about 0.05 to about 10.0 phr with a range of 0.1 to about 5.0 phr being preferred. The titanium and zirconium compounds are preferably added in the nonproductive stage with the silica and optional sulfur-containing organosilicon coupling agent.

[0038] For ease in handling, the titanium and zirconium compounds may be used per se or may be deposited on suitable carriers. Examples of carriers which may be used in the present invention include silica, carbon black, alumina, alumina silicates, clay, kieselguhr, cellulose, silica gel and calcium silicate.

[0039] The rubber composition should contain a sufficient amount of filler, if used, to contribute a reasonably high modulus and high resistance to tear. The filler may be added in amounts ranging from 10 to 250 phr. Representative fillers include silica, carbon black, aluminosilicates, clays, zeolites, modified starches, silica/carbon black composites and the like. Preferably, the filler is silica and is present in an amount ranging from 10 to 80 phr. If carbon black is present, the amount of carbon black may vary. Generally speaking, the amount of carbon black will vary from 0 to 80 phr. Preferably, the amount of carbon black will range from 0 to 40 phr. It is to be appreciated that the silica coupler may be used in conjunction with a carbon black, namely pre-mixed with a carbon black prior to addition to the rubber composition, and such carbon black is to be included in the aforesaid amount of carbon black for the rubber composition formulation.

[0040] Where the rubber composition contains both silica and carbon black, the weight ratio of silica to carbon black may vary. For example, the weight ratio may be as low as 1:5 to a silica to carbon black weight ratio of 30:1. Preferably, the weight ratio of silica to carbon black ranges from 1:3 to 5:1. The combined weight of the silica and carbon black, as herein referenced, may be as low as about 30 phr, but is preferably from about 45 to about 90 phr.

[0041] The commonly employed siliceous pigments used in rubber compounding applications can be used as the silica in this invention, including pyrogenic and precipitated siliceous pigments (silica) and aluminosilicates, although precipitate silicas are preferred. The siliceous pigments preferably employed in this invention are precipitated silicas such as, for example, those obtained by the acidification of a soluble silicate, e.g., sodium silicate.

[0042] Such silicas might be characterized, for example, by having a BET surface area, as measured using nitrogen gas, preferably in the range of about 40 to about 600, and more usually in a range of about 50 to about 300 square meters per gram. The BET method of measuring surface area is described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 60, page 304 (1930).

[0043] The silica may also be typically characterized by having a dibutylphthalate (DBP) absorption value in a range of about 100 to about 400, and more usually about 150 to about 300.

[0044] Further, the silica, as well as the aforesaid alumina and aluminosilicate may be expected to have a CTAB surface area in a range of about 100 to about 220. The CTAB surface area is the external surface area as evaluated by cetyl trimethylammonium bromide with a pH of 9. The method is described in ASTM D 3849 for set up and evaluation. The CTAB surface area is a well known means for characterization of silica.

[0045] Mercury surface area/porosity is the specific surface area determined by Mercury porosimetry. For such technique, mercury is penetrated into the pores of the sample after a thermal treatment to remove volatiles. Set-up conditions may be suitably described as using a 100 mg sample; removing volatiles during 2 hours at 105° C. and ambient atmospheric pressure; ambient to 2000 bars pressure measuring range. Such evaluation may be performed according to the method described in Winslow, Shapiro in ASTM bulletin, p.39 (1959) or according to DIN 66133. For such an evaluation, a CARLO-ERBA Porosimeter 2000 might be used.

[0046] The average mercury porosity specific surface area for the silica should be in a range of about 100 to 300 m²/g.

[0047] A suitable pore-size distribution for the silica, alumina and aluminosilicate according to such mercury porosity evaluation is considered herein to be five percent or less of its pores have a diameter of less than about 10 nm; 60 to 90 percent of its pores have a diameter of about 10 to about 100 nm; 10 to 30 percent of its pores have a diameter of about 100 to about 1000 nm; and 5 to 20 percent of its pores have a diameter of greater than about 1000 nm.

[0048] The silica might be expected to have an average ultimate particle size, for example, in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 micron as determined by the electron microscope, although the silica particles may be even smaller, or possibly larger, in size.

[0049] Various commercially available silicas may be considered for use in this invention such as, only for example herein, and without limitation, silicas commercially available from PPG Industries under the Hi-Sil trademark with designations 210, 243, etc; silicas available from Rhone-Poulenc, with, for example, designations of Z1165MP and Z165GR and silicas available from Degussa AG with, for example, designations VN2, VN3, BV3380GR, etc, and silicas available from Huber, for example Huber Sil 8745.

[0050] The titanium and zirconium compounds of Formula I may be used alone and/or in combination with additional sulfur containing organosilicon compounds. Examples of suitable sulfur containing organosilicon compounds are of the formula:

Z—Alk—S_(n)—Alk—Z   II

[0051] in which Z is selected from the group consisting of

[0052] where R³ is an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, cyclohexyl or phenyl;

[0053] R⁴is alkoxy of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or cycloalkoxy of 5 to 8 carbon atoms;

[0054] Alk is a divalent hydrocarbon of 1 to 18 carbon atoms and n is an integer of 2 to 8.

[0055] Specific examples of sulfur containing organosilicon compounds which may be used in accordance with the present invention include: 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) octasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(triethoxysilylethyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) trisulfide, 3,3′- bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(tributoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) hexasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) octasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trioctoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trihexoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(tri-2″-ethylhexoxysilylpropyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(triisooctoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(tri-t-butoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 2,2′-bis(methoxy diethoxy silyl ethyl) tetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(tripropoxysilylethyl) pentasulfide, 3,3′-bis(tricyclonexoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(tricyclopentoxysilylpropyl) trisulfide, 2,2′-bis(tri-2″-methylcyclohexoxysilylethyl) tetrasulfide, bis(trimethoxysilylmethyl) tetrasulfide, 3-methoxy ethoxy propoxysilyl 3′-diethoxybutoxysilylpropyltetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(dimethyl methoxysilylethyl) disulfide, 2,2′-bis(dimethyl sec.butoxysilylethyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(methyl butylethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(di t-butylmethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(phenyl methyl methoxysilylethyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(diphenyl isopropoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(diphenyl cyclohexoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(dimethyl ethylmercaptosilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(methyl dimethoxysilylethyl) trisulfide, 2,2′-bis(methyl ethoxypropoxysilylethyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(diethyl methoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(ethyl di-sec. butoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(propyl diethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(butyl dimethoxysilylpropyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(phenyl dimethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3-phenyl ethoxybutoxysilyl 3′-trimethoxysilylpropyl tetrasulfide, 4,4′-bis(trimethoxysilylbutyl) tetrasulfide, 6,6′-bis(triethoxysilylhexyl) tetrasulfide, 12,12′-bis(triisopropoxysilyl dodecyl) disulfide, 18,18′-bis(trimethoxysilyloctadecyl) tetrasulfide, 18,18′-bis(tripropoxysilyloctadecenyl) tetrasulfide, 4,4′-bis(trimethoxysilyl-buten-2-yl) tetrasulfide, 4,4′-bis(trimethoxysilylcyclohexylene) tetrasulfide, 5,5′-bis(dimethoxymethylsilylpentyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilyl-2-methylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(dimethoxyphenylsilyl-2-methylpropyl) disulfide.

[0056] The preferred sulfur containing organosilicon compounds are the 3,3′-bis(trimethoxy or triethoxy silylpropyl) sulfides. The most preferred compounds are 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide and 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide. Preferably Z is

[0057] where R⁴ is an alkoxy of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, with 2 carbon atoms being particularly preferred; Alk is a divalent hydrocarbon of 2 to 4 carbon atoms with 3 carbon atoms being particularly preferred; and n is an integer of from 2 to 4.

[0058] The amount of the above sulfur containing organosilicon compound in a rubber composition will vary depending on the level of silica that is used. Generally speaking, the amount of the compound of Formula II will range from 0.1 to 1.0 parts by weight per part by weight of the silica. Preferably, the amount will range from 0.1 to 0.4 parts by weight per part by weight of the silica.

[0059] It is readily understood by those having skill in the art that the rubber composition would be compounded by methods generally known in the rubber compounding art, such as mixing the various sulfur-vulcanizable constituent rubbers with various commonly used additive materials such as, for example, sulfur donors, curing aids, such as activators and retarders and processing additives, such as oils, resins including tackifying resins and plasticizers, fillers, pigments, fatty acid, zinc oxide, waxes, antioxidants and antiozonants and peptizing agents. As known to those skilled in the art, depending on the intended use of the sulfur vulcanizable and sulfur vulcanized material (rubbers), the additives mentioned above are selected and commonly used in conventional amounts. Typical amounts of reinforcing type carbon blacks(s), for this invention, if used, are herein set forth. Representative examples of sulfur donors include elemental sulfur (free sulfur), an amine disulfide, polymeric polysulfide and sulfur olefin adducts. Preferably, the sulfur vulcanizing agent is elemental sulfur. The sulfur vulcanizing agent may be used in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 8 phr, with a range of from 1.5 to 6 phr being preferred. Typical amounts of tackifier resins, if used, comprise about 0.5 to about 10 phr, usually about 1 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts of processing aids comprise about 1 to about 50 phr. Such processing aids can include, for example, aromatic, napthenic, and/or paraffinic processing oils. Typical amounts of antioxidants comprise about 1 to about 5 phr. Representative antioxidants may be, for example, diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and others, such as, for example, those disclosed in the Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook (1978), pages 344-346. Typical amounts of antiozonants comprise about 1 to 5 phr. Typical amounts of fatty acids, if used, which can include stearic acid comprise about 0.5 to about 3 phr. Typical amounts of zinc oxide comprise about 2 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts of waxes comprise about 1 to about 5 phr. Often microcrystalline waxes are used. Typical amounts of peptizers comprise about 0.1 to about 1 phr. Typical peptizers may be, for example, pentachlorothiophenol and dibenzamidodiphenyl disulfide.

[0060] Accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature required for vulcanization and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. In one embodiment, a single accelerator system may be used, i.e., primary accelerator. The primary accelerator(s) may be used in total amounts ranging from about 0.5 to about 4, preferably about 0.8 to about 1.5, phr. In another embodiment, combinations of a primary and a secondary accelerator might be used with the secondary accelerator being used in smaller amounts, such as from about 0.05 to about 3 phr, in order to activate and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. Combinations of these accelerators might be expected to produce a synergistic effect on the final properties and are somewhat better than those produced by use of either accelerator alone. In addition, delayed action accelerators may be used which are not affected by normal processing temperatures but produce a satisfactory cure at ordinary vulcanization temperatures. Vulcanization retarders might also be used. Suitable types of accelerators that may be used in the present invention are amines, disulfides, guanidines, thioureas, thiazoles, thiurams, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. Preferably, the primary accelerator is a sulfenamide. If a second accelerator is used, the secondary accelerator is preferably a guanidine, dithiocarbamate or thiuram compound.

[0061] The mixing of the rubber composition can be accomplished by methods known to those having skill in the rubber mixing art. For example the ingredients are typically mixed in at least two stages, namely at least one non-productive stage followed by a productive mix stage. The final curatives including sulfur vulcanizing agents are typically mixed in the final stage which is conventionally called the “productive” mix stage in which the mixing typically occurs at a temperature, or ultimate temperature, lower than the mix temperature(s) than the preceding non-productive mix stage(s). The rubber, silica, compound of Formula I and carbon black, if used, are mixed in one or more non-productive mix stages. The terms “non-productive” and “productive” mix stages are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing art. The sulfur vulcanizable rubber composition containing the compound of Formula I, vulcanizable rubber and generally at least part of the silica should, as well as the sulfur-containing organosilicon compound, be subjected to a thermomechanical mixing step. The thermomechanical mixing step generally comprises a mechanical working in a mixer or extruder for a period of time suitable in order to produce a rubber temperature between 140° C. and 190° C. The appropriate duration of the thermomechanical working varies as a function of the operating conditions and the volume and nature of the components. For example, the thermomechanical working may be from 1 to 20 minutes.

[0062] In further accordance with the invention, the method of the present invention comprises the additional step of vulcanizing the prepared rubber composition at a temperature in a range of about 140° C. to about 190° C. Accordingly, the invention also thereby contemplates a vulcanized rubber composition prepared by such process.

[0063] In additional accordance with the invention, the process comprises the additional steps of preparing an assembly of a tire or sulfur-vulcanizable rubber with a tread comprised of the said rubber composition prepared according to the process of this invention and vulcanizing the assembly at a temperature in a range of about 140° C. to about 190° C. Accordingly, the invention also thereby contemplates a vulcanized tire prepared by such process.

[0064] Vulcanization of the rubber composition of the present invention is generally carried out at conventional temperatures ranging from about 100° C. to 200° C. Preferably, the vulcanization is conducted at temperatures ranging from about 110° C. to 180° C. Any of the usual vulcanization processes may be used such as heating in a press or mold, heating with superheated steam or hot air or in a salt bath.

[0065] Upon vulcanization of the sulfur vulcanized composition, the rubber composition of this invention can be used for various purposes. For example, the sulfur vulcanized rubber composition may be in the form of a tire, belt or hose. In case of a tire, it can be used for various tire components. Such tires can be built, shaped, molded and cured by various methods which are known and will be readily apparent to those having skill in such art. Preferably, the rubber composition is used in the tread of a tire. As can be appreciated, the tire may be a passenger tire, aircraft tire, truck tire and the like. Preferably, the tire is a passenger tire. The tire may also be a radial or bias, with a radial tire being preferred.

[0066] While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of the formula (R¹—O_(y)XO—R²—W)_(z)   I wherein each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R² is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, arylene and alkyl substituted arylene groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; W is an epoxy group; and y is an integer of from 1 to 3, z is an integer of from 1 to 3 and the sum of y and z equals 4; and X is titanium or zirconium.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R¹ is an alkyl radical having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
 3. The compound of claim 1 wherein R² is an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein y is
 3. 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein z is
 1. 6. The compound of claim 1 wherein x is titanium.
 7. The compound of claim 1 wherein x is zirconium.
 8. A method of processing a rubber composition which comprises mixing (i) 100 parts by weight of at least one sulfur vulcanizable elastomer selected from conjugated diene homopolymers and copolymers and from copolymers of at least one conjugated diene and aromatic vinyl compound; and (ii) 0.05 to 10 phr of an titanium and zirconium compound of the formula (R¹—O_(y)XO—R²—W)_(z)   I wherein each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R² is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, arylene and alkyl substituted arylene groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; W is an epoxy group; and y is an integer of from 1 to 3, z is an integer of from 1 to 3 and the sum of y and z equals 4; and X is titanium or zirconium.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein R¹ is an alkyl radical having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein R² is an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
 11. The method of claim 8 wherein y is
 3. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein z is
 1. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein x is titanium.
 14. The method of claim 8 wherein x is zirconium.
 15. The method of claim 9 wherein said titanium and zirconium compound is added in an amount ranging from 0.10 to 5.0 phr.
 16. The method of claim 8 wherein from 10 to 150 phr of a filler is present.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein said filler is selected from the group consisting of silica, carbon black, aluminosilicates, clays, zeolites, modified starches and carbon black/silica composites.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein said filler is silica.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein a symmetrical sulfur containing organosilicon compound is present and is of the formula: Z—Alk—S_(n)—Alk—Z in which Z is selected from the group consisting of

where R³ is an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, cyclohexyl or phenyl; R⁴ is alkoxy of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or cycloalkoxy of 5 to 8 carbon atoms; Alk is a divalent hydrocarbon of 1 to 18 carbon atoms and n is an integer of 2 to
 8. 20. The method of claim 8 wherein said sulfur vulcanizable elastomer containing olefinic unsaturation is selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, neoprene, polyisoprene, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene/isoprene/butadiene rubber, methyl methacrylate-butadiene copolymer, isoprene-styrene copolymer, methyl methacrylate-isoprene copolymer, acrylonitrile-isoprene copolymer, acrylonitrilebutadiene copolymer, EPDM, silicon-coupled star-branched polymers, tin-coupled rubbers, star-branched polymers, siloxy-terminated elastomers and mixtures thereof.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein said rubber composition is thermomechanically mixed at a rubber temperature in a range of from 140° C. to 190° C. for a mixing time of from 1 to 20 minutes.
 22. A sulfur vulcanizable rubber composition comprising an elastomer containing olefinic unsaturation and a compound of the formulae (R¹—O_(y)XO—R²—W)_(z)   I wherein each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R² is a divalent radical selected from the group consisting of alkylenes having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, arylene and alkyl substituted arylene groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; W is an epoxy group; and y is an integer of from 1 to 3, z is an integer of from 1 to 3 and the sum of y and z equals 4; and X is titanium or zirconium.
 23. The composition of claim 22 wherein R¹ is an alkyl radical having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
 24. The composition of claim 22 wherein R² is an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
 25. The composition of claim 22 wherein y is
 3. 26. The composition of claim 22 wherein z is
 1. 27. The composition of claim 22 wherein x is titanium.
 28. The composition of claim 22 wherein x is zirconium.
 29. The composition of claim 22 wherein said titanium and zirconium compound is present in an amount ranging from 0.05 to 10.0 phr.
 30. The composition of claim 20 wherein from 10 to 150 phr of a filler is present.
 31. The composition of claim 30 wherein said filler is selected from the group consisting of silica, carbon black, aluminosilicates, clays, zeolites, modified starches and carbon black/silica composites.
 32. The composition of claim 31 wherein said filler is silica.
 33. The composition of claim 32 wherein a symmetrical sulfur containing organosilicon compound is present and is of the formula: Z—Alk—S_(n)—Alk—Z in which Z is selected from the group consisting of

where R³ is an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, cyclohexyl or phenyl; R⁴ is alkoxy of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or cycloalkoxy of 5 to 8 carbon atoms; Alk is a divalent hydrocarbon of 1 to 18 carbon atoms and n is an integer of 2 to
 8. 34. The composition of claim 22 wherein said silica is present in an amount ranging from 10 to 80 phr.
 35. The composition of claim 22 wherein said elastomer containing olefinic unsaturation is selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, neoprene, polyisoprene, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene/isoprene/butadiene rubber, methyl methacrylate-butadiene copolymer, isoprene-styrene copolymer, methyl methacrylate-isoprene copolymer, acrylonitrile-isoprene copolymer, acrylonitrilebutadiene copolymer, EPDM, silicon-coupled star-branched, tin-coupled rubbers, star-branched polymers, siloxy-terminated elastomers and mixtures thereof.
 36. The composition of claim 33 wherein said composition was thermomechanically mixed at a rubber temperature in a range of from 140° C. to 190° C. for a total mixing time of from 1 to 20 minutes.
 37. A sulfur vulcanized rubber composition which is prepared by heating the composition of claim 22 to a temperature ranging from 100° C. to 200° C. in the presence of a sulfur vulcanizing agent.
 38. The sulfur vulcanized rubber composition of claim 37 in the form of a tire, belt or hose.
 39. A tire having a tread comprised of the composition of claim
 37. 